Plant Biology 111, Winter 2000
Study Guide for Final Exam
The final exam will be given on Monday, March 13 at 10:10 a.m. in the usual classroom. The exam will be selectively comprehensive, but about two-thirds of it will cover material presented since the second exam.

You should be familiar with the life cycles of the following kinds of organisms:

• Basidiomycota
• diatoms
• mosses
• Polypodium (a typical homosporous fern)
• Pinus
• Anthophyta

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You should have a thorough understanding of the following subjects:

OLD MATERIAL:

• distinctions between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• homology and analogy
• ecological and evolutionary significance of Cyanobacteria
• gametic, zygotic, and sporic life cycles and the processes and stages of each
• all of the terms on the front side of the Life Cycles handout (from before first exam)
• the differences between mitosis and meiosis
• definitions of male and female that apply to all organisms
• the lichen symbiosis: which organisms are involved, and how each benefits
• homosporous and heterosporous cycles
• homologies of flower, pine pollen and seed cones, ovule, and pollen (and their parts)
• the spatial relationship of branch shoots to stems and leaves (in seed plants) and how this can be used to hypothesize the homology of specialized structures
• pollination, as defined in angiosperms and gymnosperms
• structure of mature angiosperm megagametophyte (embryo sac) and microgametophyte (pollen grain)
• what happens in double fertilization (angiosperms)
• what happens after double fertilization (five developmental changes)
• definition and examples of accessory, aggregate, and multiple fruits
• morphological nature of grains and nuts (i.e., are they fruits or seeds?)
• mechanisms of pollination and seed dispersal

NEW MATERIAL:

• Be able to draw the following cross-sections and label the tissues (be sure you know which view is a cross-section):
  1. root of herbaceous dicot (without secondary growth)
  2. stem of herbaceous dicot (without secondary growth)
  3. dicot leaf, including a vein.
• morphology of mature angiosperm embryo (cotyledons, hypocotyl, radicle, epicotyl, plumule)
• the function of cotyledons and the various ways they serve this function
• the three vegetative organs of an angiosperm sporophyte
• the three tissue systems of an angiosperm sporophyte
• the structure and function of the following cell types: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclereid, fiber, tracheid, vessel member, sieve tube member, companion cell, epidermal cell, cork cell
• relative position of primary and secondary cell walls and middle lamella
• relative effectiveness of tracheids and vessel members in conduction and support
• functions of roots (four general functions and several specialized functions)
• how primary growth and development occur in the root (Where do new cells originate, elongate, and mature? What meristems are involved? Can you picture the process in three dimensions?)
• three functions of root cap
• structure, location (region of root), and function of root hairs
• structure, location, and function of endodermis
• location, cellular composition, and three functions of pericycle
• how and where branches form in roots versus stems
• timing of organ differentiation in plants versus higher animals
• Contrast primary and secondary growth. (From what tissues do they originate, and what effect do they have on the shape of a root or stem?)
• how the vascular cambium forms in the root (from what tissues)
• the "flow chart" of tissue development in the root, including which are primary and which secondary tissues, which are permanent and which are meristematic tissues
• endomycorrhizae and ectomycorrhizae (types of fungi involved, and where the fungi are located in the root)
• what each partner in a mycorrhiza provides for the other
• nitrogen fixation (What is it? Which organisms can do it?)
• functions of stems (two general functions and several specialized functions)
• where leaves and branches form on a shoot
• how the vascular cambium forms in the stem (from what tissues)
• What are wood and inner and outer bark (in botanical terms)?
• what causes growth rings in a tree trunk
• what parts are alive in an old tree trunk
• why girdling kills a tree
• the "flow chart" of tissue development in the stem, including which are primary and which secondary tissues, which are permanent and which are meristematic tissues
• differences between roots and stems
• function of leaves (one general function and several specialized functions)
• why transpiration occurs
• three environmental factors controlling rate of transpiration
• mechanism of stomatal opening/closing
• determinate vs indeterminate growth (examples of organisms and plant organs in which each is characteristically found)
• leaf abscission
• two examples of plasticity involving leaves
• examples of evolutionary modifications of leaves
• adaptations of carnivorous plants, and why carnivory evolved in photosynthetic plants
• plant defenses against herbivory (from video)
• adaptations to extreme environments (deserts, the arctic, etc.) (from video)

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You should also know the meaning and/or significance of the following terms:

OLD TERMS:

• taxon (taxa)
• phylogeny
• convergent evolution
• clade
• autotrophic
• heterotrophic
• hypha(e)
• yeast
• mycelium
• starch
• motile
• rhizoid
• penicillin
• sporangium
• gametangium
• basidium
• thallus
• basidiospore
• basidioma (basidiomata)
• gills (of mushroom)
• zoospore
• rhizome
• alternation of "generations" (phases)
• antheridium
• archegonium
• embryo (as defined by botanists)
• epiphyte
• leafy gametophyte (moss)
• protonema
• peristome
• lignin
• phyllotaxy
• node
• internode
• sorus (sori)
• annulus
• strobilus (strobili)
• sporophyll
• heterosporous
• homosporous
• microspore and megaspore
• microsporangium and megasporangium
• microsporophyll and megasporophyll
• microgametophyte and megagametophyte
• endosporic
• exosporic
• integument
• dehiscence
• indehiscent
• nucellus
• micropyle
• seed coat
• megaspore mother cell (megasporocyte)
• pollen tube
• evergreen
• deciduous
• bract
• shoot
• axil
• cone scale
• receptacle
• pedicel
• sepal
• calyx
• petal
• corolla
• perianth
• stamen
• filament
• anther
• androecium
• gynoecium
• carpel
• ovary
• style
• stigma
• pistil
• inflorescence
• imperfect flower
• perfect flower
• dioecious
• monoecious
• embryo sac
• polar nuclei
• endosperm
• pollen sac
• funiculus
• pericarp
• mesocarp
• endocarp
• exocarp
• aggregate fruit
• multiple fruit
• accessory fruit

NEW TERMS:

• hypocotyl
• cotyledon
• albuminous
• exalbuminous
• dicotyledon
• monocotyledon
• coleorhiza
• coleoptile
• plumule
• meristem
• apical meristem
• primary root
• axillary branching
• epigeous
• hypogeous
• blade
• petiole
• stipule
• leaflet
• compound leaf
• simple leaf
• simple tissue
• complex tissue
• lignified
• secondary wall
• primary wall
• middle lamella
• pectin
• cellulose
• parenchyma
• collenchyma
• sclerenchyma
• sclereid
• fiber
• tracheid
• vessel element
• vessel
• xylem
• pit
• pit membrane
• perforation (of vessel element)
• phloem
• sieve tube element
• sieve tube
• sieve plate
• companion cell
• epidermis
• cuticle
• cutin
• stoma(ta)
• cork
• suberin
• taproot
• fibrous root system
• adventitious roots
• root cap
• root hair
• ground meristem
• protoderm
• procambium
• endodermis
• cortex
• pith
• stele
• casparian strip
• pericycle
• endogenous (branch formation)
• exogenous (branch formation)
• cambium
• cork cambium
• vascular cambium
• primary growth
• secondary growth
• secondary tissues
• primary tissues
• periderm
• phelloderm
• mutualism
• mycorrhizae
• endomycorrhizae
• ectomycorrhizae
• prop roots
• tropism
• phototropism
• geotropism
• herbaceous
• stolon
• tuber
• protostele
• eustele
• pith ray
• leaf primordium
• leaf trace
• leaf scar
• bud
• bud-scale
• auxin
• apical dominance
• tendril
• rays (in wood)
• heartwood
• sapwood
• lenticel
• outer bark
• inner bark
• transpiration
• pinnately compound leaf
• palmately compound leaf
• sessile (leaf)
• mesophyll
• palisade parenchyma
• spongy parenchyma
• guard cells
• trichome
• indeterminate growth
• determinate growth
• plasticity
• sun leaves and shade leaves
• mimicry

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