Plant Biology 111, Winter 2000
Study Guide for Second Exam
The second exam will be given on Wednesday, Feb. 16. The exam will cover the Kingdom Plantae and a few selected topics (specified below) from earlier in the course.
You should be familiar with the life cycles of the following kinds of organisms:
- Marchantia
- a moss
- Polypodium (a typical homosporous fern)
- Selaginella
- Pinus
- Anthophyta
For each of these, you should be able to answer the questions on the back side of the sheet I handed out at the lecture on life cycles (before the first exam), and know the ploidy level of all stages and structures.
You should have a thorough understanding of the following subjects:
- homology and analogy
- the processes and stages of the sporic life cycle
- all of the terms on the front side of the Life Cycles handout (from before first exam)
- features of the plant kingdom, and which are unique to plants
- approximate age of origin of Plant Kingdom (oldest fossils)
- how the sperm and gemmae are dispersed in Marchantia
- the function and mechanism of elaters in Marchantia
- the function and mechanism of peristome teeth in mosses
- moss ecology; cold and drought resistance; importance as colonizers
- human uses of Sphagnum (peat moss)
- four diagnostic features of vascular plants (how they differ from bryophytes)
- structure of sporophyte in Psilotum
- structure of sporophyte in Equisetum
- the function and mechanism of the elaters in Equisetum
- structure of sporophyte and gametophyte in homosporous ferns
- the function and mechanism of the annulus in ferns
- structure of sporophyte in Lycopodiaceae
- structure of sporophyte and gametophyte in Selaginella
- homosporous and heterosporous cycles
- homologies of ovule, seed, and pollen and their parts (see SAMPLE QUESTION at bottom)
- morphology and development of pine ovule
- developmental relationship between ovule and seed
- morphology of a mature pine seed
- how a pine seed represents three "generations" of the life cycle
- four advantages of the seed and associated reproductive biology
- Do angiosperms and gymnosperms represent clades?
- the spatial relationship of branch shoots to stems and leaves in seed plants
- the difference between pollination and fertilization (including the definitions of pollination for both gymnosperms and angiosperms)
- homologies of the pine pollen cone and seed cone and their parts (see SAMPLE QUESTION at bottom)
- timing of pollination, fertilization, and seed maturity in a typical pine
- general appearance of the sporophyte and reproductive structures of Ginkgo and cycads (e.g., appearance of the plant as a whole, which produce cones, etc.)
- which of the following plants have motile sperm and which do not: liverworts, mosses, Psilotum, Equisetum, ferns, Lycopodium, Selaginella, conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, angiosperms
- pollination biology of cycads (as shown in video)
- unique features of angiosperms (7)
- homologies of a flower and its parts (see SAMPLE QUESTION at bottom)
- development of angiosperm ovule and morphology of mature ovule
- structure of mature angiosperm megagametophyte and microgametophyte
- what happens in double fertilization (angiosperms)
- what happens after double fertilization (5 developmental changes)
- definition and examples of simple, aggregate, multiple, and accessory fruits
- morphological nature of grains and nuts (i.e., what basic structures they represent)
- pollination syndromes in angiosperms (e.g., floral adaptations for pollination by bees, butterflies & moths, hummingbirds, wind)
- seed dispersal mechanisms in angiosperms and gymnosperms
You should know the meaning and/or significance of the following terms:
- clade
- alternation of generations
- thallus
- rhizoid
- rhizome
- embryo (as defined by botanists)
- sporangium
- gametangium
- archegonium
- antheridium
- gemma(e) and gemma cup
- splash-cup mechanism
- venter
- neck (of archegonium)
- elaters (of Marchantia)
- protonema
- leafy gametophyte (moss)
- peristome
- calyptra
- foot (of embryo or moss sporophyte)
- Sphagnum
- leptoid
- hydroid
- xylem
- phloem
- lignin
- tracheid
- phyllotaxy
- whorled
- internode
- node
- elaters (of Equisetum)
- epiphyte
- petiole
- blade
- frond
- sorus (sori)
- indusium
- annulus
- strobilus (strobili)
- sporophyll
- heterosporous (heterospory)
- homosporous (homospory)
- microspore and megaspore
- microsporangium and megasporangium
- microsporophyll and megasporophyll
- microgametophyte and megagametophyte
- endosporic and exosporic
- integument
- dehiscent and indehiscent
- nucellus
- micropyle
- seed coat
- megaspore mother cell (megasporocyte)
- pollen tube
- evergreen
- deciduous
- shoot
- axil
- cone scale
- bract
- pollen chamber
- aril
- receptacle
- pedicel
- sepal
- calyx
- petal
- corolla
- perianth
- stamen
- filament
- anther
- androecium
- gynoecium
- carpel
- pistil
- ovary
- style
- stigma
- inflorescence
- simple and compound pistils
- perfect and imperfect flowers
- monoecious and dioecious
- inferior and superior ovary
- hypanthium
- embryo sac
- polar nuclei
- funiculus
- tapetum
- pollen sac
- primary endosperm nucleus
- endosperm
- triploid
- pericarp
- mesocarp
- endocarp
- exocarp
BE PREPARED TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING KIND OF QUESTION:
Each of the structures listed below represents (i.e., is homologous with) one of the following: (A) a shoot; (B) a leaf; (C) a stem; (D) a sporangium; (E) a spore; (F) a gametophyte; or (G) a gamete.
Indicate the homologies of the following structures by placing the identifying letter of one of the above in the space provided:
_____ pedicel
_____ petal
_____ pine pollen cone
_____ sporophyll
_____ etc.
_____ etc.
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