Philip I, King of France: (reigned 1060 - 1108) Excommunicated by Pope Urban II at the insistence of Bishop Ivo of Chartres after he attempted to divorce his wife of twenty years, Bertha of Friesland, and marry Bertrade, wife of the count of Anjou. Philip went through the motions of surrender by swearing to abandon his "carnal and illicit copulation" b ut continued living with Bertrade until his death. This situation marked a long line of disputes between the nobility and the Christian Church dealing with the subject of divorce, for aristocratic lay culture and the church had differing views on the purpose of marriage. Begetting of heirs was essential for aristocrats and rulers, but not for the church. --.Jennifer Szkody